Islanded Power: Running an AI Campus Without a Utility Connection

October 29, 2026

A grid-connected campus waits on the utility. A bridged campus runs on on-site generation until the utility connection is built. The third option is islanding, a campus designed to run on its own generation with no operating grid connection, and none planned, so nothing outside the site sets its voltage or frequency.¹

Delays push some developers there. As the rules tighten, getting a large campus connected can take years. Dominion is already seeing this in Northern Virginia, where they've cited wait times of up to seven years for large connections.² NERC’s computational load standards, which passed final ballot in October 2026, would cover any site with 50 MW or more of connected load supplied at 100 kV or above.³ US grid operators are moving to curtail large loads in a grid emergency. Texas law now let’s its grid operator disconnect large loads in an emergency, ⁴ and PJM has proposed curtailing large loads that have not brought their own generation ahead of other customers. ⁵ A connected campus in that position cuts compute or moves to backup generators. An islanded campus draws nothing from the grid, so a curtailment order has nothing to act on.

Why Independence is Hard to Engineer
NERC’s guideline, writing about restoration islands, warns that uncontrolled load pickup creates large voltage and frequency swings that can destabilize and potentially collapse an island, because island stability is sensitive to changes in both.⁶ A campus island is just as sensitive and has no grid to restore from. An island also has to produce its own fault current, and the source mix decides how much it gets. Synchronous machines deliver several times rated current into a fault, while converter-based sources typically deliver 1.1 to 2.0 times⁷, which makes protection a matter of coordination study.

Large, fast-varying loads can swing demand by tens or hundreds of MW within seconds or minutes, and NERC notes that cyclical demand can excite torsional modes in nearby generators, leading to mechanical stress and potential damage.⁶ AI training produces those swings because tens of thousands of GPUs alternate between compute and communication phases in step, at sub-synchronous frequencies where turbine-generator shafts can resonate.⁸

Engineering Design Without the Grid
A campus designed to stay islanded has no utility to fall back on at any stage. That changes what the architecture has to do.

The voltage and frequency reference has to come from a source that does not depend on the generators. The MV-UPS, the stability block between generation and the compute halls, operates grid-forming on the load side. The compute halls get a stable reference, and the generators carry a regulated draw.⁹


Islanded configuration. Gas generation feeds the data center through the MV-UPS, with an Energy Management System coordinating the site.⁹

The generators also need protection from the load’s pulsations for the life of the site, because no utility transfer ends the exposure. Pulsations that align with the shaft’s resonant frequency cause sub-synchronous torsional interaction (SSTI) and forced power oscillations, and the MV-UPS is designed to keep them off the turbine shaft.⁹ Integrated battery storage absorbs sub-second load steps, which smooths the profile the turbines carry.⁹ 

The site has to restart itself. In islanded mode the MV-UPS provides gas turbine soft starting and black start across 0 to 100% speed.

The design also has to show what happens when a generator trips. An island has no grid reserve to cover the gap, so the design record has to state the redundancy basis, whether at the converter or the generation, and the storage duration. The controller acceptance test has to show the campus riding through the loss of its largest unit.

Above the converter, the campus needs a microgrid controller, or Energy Management System (EMS), to manage dispatch and energy balance. It is a separate system from the MV-UPS. IEEE 2030.7 specifies its functions above the component control level, and IEEE 2030.8 defines the tests that verify them.¹⁰

What Staying Islanded Asks of the Operator
A permanent island needs daily operating coverage and a maintenance and spares program for the life of the site. The operator takes on the role of a power producer, with the risks of self-supply that come with it.¹ The MV-UPS addresses one of them: the electrical physics of running without a grid.⁹

Uncertain whether a campus’s load profile and supply plan call for an MV-UPS? Answer this four-question check.

References

  1. Regulatory Assistance Project, Going Off Grid: The False Panacea of Islanding High-Impact Loads, May 13, 2026.
  2. Bloomberg, Virginia Data Centers Face Seven-Year Wait for Power Hookups, Dominion Says, August 2024.
  3. Power Magazine, NERC Reliability Standards for Data Centers and Crypto Loads Pass Final Ballot, Advance to Board Review, October 15, 2026.
  4. Utility Dive, Texas Law Gives Grid Operator Power to Disconnect Data Centers During Crisis, June 25, 2025.
  5. PJM, Interim Resource Adequacy Service Proposal, fact sheet, August 2026 (proposal filed with FERC August 13, 2026).
  6. NERC Large Loads Working Group, Reliability Guideline: Risk Mitigation for Emerging Large Loads, May 2026 (Final), Chapters 4, 5 and 8.
  7. IEEE Power & Energy Society, Power System Relaying and Control Committee Working Group C32, Protection Challenges and Practices for Interconnecting Inverter Based Resources to Utility Transmission Systems, PES-TR81, July 2020.
  8. E. Choukse et al., Power Stabilization for AI Training Datacenters, arXiv:2508.14318, August 2025.
  9. GEA35589, MV-UPS: Medium Voltage Uninterruptible Power Supply, GE Vernova, Rev. 1, August 10, 2026.
  10. IEEE Std 2030.7-2017, IEEE Standard for the Specification of Microgrid Controllers, and IEEE Std 2030.8-2018, IEEE Standard for the Testing of Microgrid Controllers.

About the Author

Alpesh Saraiya

Alpesh is a global executive data center solution leader at GE Vernova. He leads data center strategy, business development, M&A, product, and marketing for power conversion and storage solutions. Previously at Honeywell and other technology companies, he spent 10 years growing the data center business of power, controls, cooling, security, AI SaaS, facility management, and IoT solutions. He started his career working at semiconductor and systems companies, including IBM, Broadcom, STMicroelectronics, and LG Electronics. He has a M.S. Computer Engineering from Syracuse University and is based in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Alpesh Saraiya

Kevin Delsol

Kevin Delsol – Senior Business Development Manager Power Stability | With nearly two decades of experience spanning business development, sales, engineering, project execution, and customer engagement, Kevin currently serves as the AI Data Center Power Stability Leader at GE Vernova. Specializing in electrical infrastructure and control systems, his focus is on developing innovative solutions that address the emerging power challenges of hyperscale AI deployments. His work includes advancing medium-voltage power conditioning architectures that enhance grid stability, power resilience, and the integration of large-scale AI data centers into future energy ecosystems.

Kevin Delsol

MiCOM Agile P14, part of the MiCOM P40 5th Generation family, is an advanced feeder management relay that delivers high performance with a graphical HMI as standard. It offers an integrated one-box solution for the complete protection, control and monitoring of overhead lines and underground cables, covering all distribution and transmission voltage levels.

MiCOM Agile P14 - 5th Generation

Feeder Protection Relay

MiCOM Agile P14, part of the MiCOM P40 5th Generation family, is an advanced feeder management relay that delivers high performance with a graphical HMI as standard. It offers an integrated one-box solution for the complete protection, control and monitoring of overhead lines and underground cables, covering all distribution and transmission voltage levels.

Overview

The MiCOM Agile P14 5th Generation is an advanced feeder management relay from GE Vernova, designed for the protection, control, and monitoring of overhead lines and underground cables. It supports solid, impedance, Petersen coil-earthed, and isolated neutral systems, and is engineered for scalability, cybersecurity compliance, and simplified retrofit applications.

  • Protection functions include:
  • 6-stage phase overcurrent protection
  • 4-stage earth fault protection
  • Sensitive earth fault protection
  • Negative-sequence overcurrent protection
  • Thermal overload protection
  • Under/overvoltage protection
  • 9-stage frequency protection
  • Power protection
  • Load encroachment (load blinder), cold load pick-up, 2nd harmonic blocking, and transient earth fault detection (TEFD)
  • Economical busbar protection via blockable overcurrent stages and sensitive overvoltage for buswire supervision

    Control:

  • Integrated bay control of up to two circuit breakers plus eight additional switchgear devices
  • Select-before-operate, breaker health checks, and interlocking
  • Color graphical HMI, 10 function keys, 13 tricolor programmable LEDs

    Communications:

  • IEC 61850 Edition 2.1
  • IEEE 1588 PTP
  • PRP and HSR redundancy protocols
  • SNMP v2c/v3
  • IEC 60870-5-103
  • DNP 3.0
  • Dedicated Ethernet engineering port for IT/OT network separation

    Logic & Engineering:

  • Graphical Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) with deterministic performance — 32 timers, 32 counters, 512 gates
  • License-free S1 Agile engineering software supporting .scl top-down engineering
  • Binary inputs compliant with ESI 48-4 EB2 for immunity to inductive substation fields
Key benefits:
  • Comprehensive protection and control library — meets diverse system requirements across a wide protection element set
  • Fast, dependable operation — startup in under 10 seconds
  • Graphical logic engineering — PSL removes the need for external logic controllers, with deterministic performance ensuring intensive logic doesn't impede protection/tripping speeds
  • Advanced diagnostics and recording — 5,000 event logs, 100 fault records, and 1,050 seconds of oscillography (100 waveforms, up to 10.5s each, 48 samples/cycle)
  • Cyber-secure by design — developed under an IEC 62443-4-1 secure development lifecycle; compliant with NERC/CIP, NISTIR 7628, and EU NIS
  • Simplified maintenance — no resident battery, reducing logistics and maintenance burden; harsh-environment coating standard
  • Easy retrofit — pin-to-pin compatible with previous MiCOM P141, P142, P143, and P145 generations
  • Proven track record — built on a platform with 470,000 P40 relays shipped globally 
  • "One-Box" concept — integrates protection, control, and HMI in a single device, reducing panel wiring, spare parts inventory, and engineering time
  • Secure network architecture — dedicated Ethernet engineering port keeps IT and OT networks separated
Functional Block diagram
P40 functional block diagram
ANSI ® Device Numbers and Functions
Device NumberFunction
25Check Synchronising
27Phase and Line Undervoltage
32Phase Directional Power
37Undercurrent
46Negative Sequence Overcurrent
49Thermal Overload
50Phase Definitive Time Overcurrent
51Phase Inverse-Time Overcurrent
59Phase and Line Overvoltage
67Directional Phase Overcurrent
Device NumberFunction
79Autoreclose
86Latching/Lockout Contacts
21FLFault Locator
46BCBroken Conductor
50BFCB Failure
50NEarth Fault Definitive Time Overcurrent
51NNeutral/Ground IDMT Overcurrent
SEFSensitive Earth Fault, I cos and I sin
TEFDTransient Earth Fault Detection
TCSTrip Circuit Supervision
Device NumberFunction
PSLProgrammable Logic
59NNeutral Voltage Displacement
64NRestricted Earth Fault
67NDirectional Neutral/Ground Overcurrent
81df/dtRate of Change Frequency
81OOverfrequency
81UUnderfrequency
CTSCT Supervision
VTSVT Supervision

MiCOM S1 Agile

Key benefits:
  • Powerful, free of charge, PC toolsuite
  • Optimum management of the installed base, structured as per the substation topology
  • Intuitive and versatile interface with file management facilities
  • Logical structure based on substation, voltage level and bay
  • Version control and cross-checking facilities for IED settings
  • Real-time measurement visualization – MiCOM S1 Agile extends to all MiCOM Agile IEDs - including P847 PMU and busbar schemes
Engineering Tool Suite

S1 Agile is the truly universal PC tool for MiCOM Agile relay, assemble all tools in a palette for simple entry, with intuitive navigation via fewer mouse-clicks. No-longer are separate tools required for redundant Ethernet configuration, phasor measurement unit commissioning, busbar scheme operational dashboards, programmable curve profiles or automatic disturbance record extraction – applications are embedded. MiCOM S1 Agile supports all existing MiCOM, K-Series and Modulex, including a utility for automatic conversion of setting files from previous generations of numerical relays like K-series and MiCOM P20 to the latest P40 Agile models.

To move to the future, with no loss of functionality, no loss of device support, and full compatibility with your installed base and system architecture – request a copy of S1 Agile with the contact form link below.

Key features in the MiCOM S1 family:
  • GE Vernova’s integrated engineering tool that provides users with access to automation IED configuration and record data
  • Integrated configuration and monitoring features
  • Send and extract setting files
  • Event and disturbance record extraction and analysis
MiCOM S1 Agile software request

To receive the MiCOM S1 Agile, please use our Contact form. This will also ensure that you are kept up-to-date with the latest enhancements, including updates and bug fixes.

Refurbishment Solutions – “If It’s Blue Think to Renew”

GE Vernova’s latest MiCOM P14 MiCOM 5th Generation series models P141 to P145 inclusive offer an ideal path to refurbish an older installed base of MiCOM P140 relays. Whether those older products were initially sold as GE or AREVA-branded products, newer models retain pin-pin refurbishment capability. Advantageously, users can benefit from the advancements made in protection, control, communications, hardware and cybersecurity that have taken place in the intervening years. The new P40 retains form, fit and function compatibility but delivers the latest platform and software ready for today’s environment, and for future-proofed application for the decades ahead.

Pin-Pin Upgrade Methodology:
  • Take the order code (CORTEC) of the older relay being removed, typically a blue case relay
  • Translate to today’s latest GE Vernova MiCOM model, adding Ethernet options if required
  • Order the new P40 relay
  • Extract settings and logic, use S1 Agile toolsuite to convert settings
  • Detach the terminal blocks from old relay, leaving wiring attached / detach terminal blocks from the new.
  • Carefully examine the terminal blocks to see that no physical damage has occurred since installation
  • Mount new relay. Old relay blocks fit straight onto the new relay - safer, less wiring to reconnect.
  • It is recommended to apply rated current and voltage to the relay CT/VT inputs during secondary injection testing to check the continuity of the CT/VT terminal block connections to the relay.
  • Download converted files
  • Test, return circuit to service with only minutes of downtime