As the electrical network has evolved, substations have kept pace, bringing together technologies and strategies to improve the network, resulting in intelligent digital substations.

Explore requirements for the line current differential function (87L) with regards to the tolerance to CT saturation. Typically, requirements provided by the manufacturers or standards are to eliminate CT saturation completely by proper sizing of CTs

Advantages and disadvantages of including or excluding reactors in the 87L protection zone. Solutions to compensate charging current, reactor switching, sub-harmonic frequency transients, and effects of MOV conducting.

Advantages and disadvantages of including or excluding reactors in the 87L protection zone. Solutions to compensate charging current, reactor switching, sub-harmonic frequency transients, and effects of MOV conducting.

From how to get started to design considerations, this guide answers the top-of-mind questions utilities have about process bus on their journey toward the digitized substation.

Advantages and disadvantages of including or excluding reactors in the 87L protection zone. Solutions to compensate charging current, reactor switching, sub-harmonic frequency transients, and effects of MOV conducting.

This document presents the commissioning of the first IEC 61850 Process Bus installation for American Electric Power (AEP) with GE Vernova's Merging Units (HardFiber Bricks) and Universal Relays.

This paper outlines the high-level design principles for protection and control systems, illustrated using a practical solution for implementing ultra-critical protection and control IEC 61850 process bus applications.